http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/default.aspx Media Bias 101 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss http://www.mrc.org/static/uploads/MediaBias101.pdf Media Bias 101: Twenty Years of Research Showing What Journalists Think, How Journalists Vote, What the Public Thinks About the Media, and What Journalists Say About Media Bias Thu, 08 Oct 2009 17:37:00 -0400 MediaBias101.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/MediaBias101.aspx Media Bias 101: Twenty Years of Research Showing What Journalists Think, How Journalists Vote, What the Public Thinks About the Media, and What Journalists Say About Media Bias Thu, 08 Oct 2009 17:37:00 -0400 Exhibit1-1TheMediaElite.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-1TheMediaElite.aspx In 1981, the Media Elite survey of 240 journalists at top media outlets showed these journalists held liberal positions on a wide range of social and political issues, and voted by huge margins for Democrats. Wed, 07 Oct 2009 17:18:00 -0400 Exhibit1-2MajorNewspaperReporters.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-2MajorNewspaperReporters.aspx In 1982, scholars at the California State University at Los Angeles asked reporters from the fifty largest U.S. newspapers for whom they voted in 1980. In that election, Republican Ronald Reagan won with 50 percent of the vote, compared with 41 percent for Democratic incumbent Jimmy Carter and 8 percent for liberal Republican-turned-independent John Anderson. Wed, 07 Oct 2009 18:03:00 -0400 Exhibit1-3TheAmericanJournalist.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-3TheAmericanJournalist.aspx In late 1982 and early 1983, Indiana University journalism professors David H. Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit surveyed more than 1,000 journalists, and reported the results in their 1986 book, The American Journalist. Wed, 07 Oct 2009 18:14:00 -0400 Exhibit1-4U.S.NewspaperJournalists.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-4U.S.NewspaperJournalists.aspx In 1985, the Los Angeles Times conducted one of the most extensive surveys of journalists in history. Using the same questionnaire they had used to poll the public, the Times polled 2,700 journalists at 621 newspapers across the country. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 13:44:00 -0400 Exhibit1-5SurveyofBusinessReporters.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-5SurveyofBusinessReporters.aspx A 1988 poll by a New York-based newsletter, Journalist and Financial Reporting, surveyed 151 business reporters from over 30 publications ranging from the Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, USA Today, New York Times and Chicago Tribune to Money, Fortune and Business Week. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 13:49:00 -0400 Exhibit1-6WhoAreTheyReally.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-6WhoAreTheyReally.aspx In 1992, Indiana University journalism professors David H. Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit surveyed 1,410 journalists who "work for a wide variety of daily and weekly newspapers, radio and television stations, news services and magazines throughout the United States." Thu, 08 Oct 2009 13:53:00 -0400 Exhibit1-7WhiteHouseReporters.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-7WhiteHouseReporters.aspx In 1995, Kenneth Walsh, a reporter for U.S. News and World Report, polled 28 of his fellow White House correspondents from ABC, CBS, CNN, NBC, the Los Angeles Times, New York Times, USA Today, Washington Post, Copley, Cox, Hearst, Knight-Ridder, plus Newsweek, Time and U.S. News World Report, about their presidential voting patterns. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 14:01:00 -0400 Exhibit1-8TheMediaEliteRevisited.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-8TheMediaEliteRevisited.aspx In 1995, Stanley Rothman and Amy E. Black "partially replicated the earlier Rothman-Lichter" survey of the media elite. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 14:05:00 -0400 Exhibit1-9WashingtonBureauChiefsandCorrespondents.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-9WashingtonBureauChiefsandCorrespondents.aspx In April 1996, the Freedom Forum published a survey of 139 Washington bureau chiefs and congressional correspondents about their presidential votes and opinions of the Republican "Contract with America." Thu, 08 Oct 2009 14:55:00 -0400 Exhibit1-10NewspaperJournalistsofthe1990s.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-10NewspaperJournalistsofthe1990s.aspx In 1996, as a follow-up to a 1988 survey, the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) surveyed 1,037 reporters at 61 newspapers of all sizes across the nation, and found that newsrooms were more ideologically unrepresentative than they had been in the late 1980s. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 15:00:00 -0400 Exhibit1-11NewspaperEditors.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-11NewspaperEditors.aspx In January 1998, Editor and Publisher, the preeminent media trade magazine, conducted a poll of 167 newspaper editors across the country. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 15:10:00 -0400 Exhibit1-12WhoseViewsShapetheNews.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-12WhoseViewsShapetheNews.aspx In the July/August 2001 edition of the Roper Center's Public Perspective, Washington Post national political correspondent Thomas Edsall summarized the findings of a Kaiser Family Foundation poll of 301 "media professionals," 300 "policymakers" and the 1,206 members of the public. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 15:24:00 -0400 Exhibit1-13HowJournalistsSeeJournalistsin2004.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-13HowJournalistsSeeJournalistsin2004.aspx In May 2004, the Pew Research Center for The People and The Press (in association with the Project for Excellence in Journalism and the Committee of Concerned Journalists) surveyed 547 journalists and media executives, including 247 at national-level media outlets. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 15:46:00 -0400 Exhibit1-14CampaignJournalists(2004).aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-14CampaignJournalists(2004).aspx New York Times columnist John Tierney surveyed 153 campaign journalists at a press party at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, and found a huge preference for Democratic Senator John Kerry over President George W. Bush, particularly among journalists based in Washington, D.C. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 15:53:00 -0400 Exhibit1-15TVandNewspaperJournalists.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-15TVandNewspaperJournalists.aspx In March and April 2005, the University of Connecticut's Department of Public Policy surveyed 300 journalists nationwide - 120 who worked in the television industry and 180 who worked at newspapers - and asked for whom they voted in the 2004 presidential election. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 15:58:00 -0400 Exhibit1-16JournalistsEthicsandAttitudes2005.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-16JournalistsEthicsandAttitudes2005.aspx Preparing for a panel discussion on the media, the Annenberg Public Policy Center and the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands commissioned a poll of 673 journalists. Fri, 09 Oct 2009 13:52:00 -0400 Exhibit1-17TheNewsMediaandtheWar2005.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-17TheNewsMediaandtheWar2005.aspx As part of a larger study of how the views of "opinion leaders" compare with those of the general public, the Pew Research Center for The People and The Press, in collaboration with the Council on Foreign relations, surveyed 72 top journalists in September and October 2005. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 16:18:00 -0400 Exhibit1-18SlateMagazinePre-ElectionStaffSurvey.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit1-18SlateMagazinePre-ElectionStaffSurvey.aspx Prior to the 2000, 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, the online Slate magazine surveyed its staff to find out how they intended to vote. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 16:22:00 -0400 Exhibit2-1ThePeopleandThePress1997.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-1ThePeopleandThePress1997.aspx One of the most comprehensive surveys of the public's general opinion of the media was done in 1997 by the Pew Research Center for The People and The Press, formerly known as the Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press. Fri, 09 Oct 2009 17:45:00 -0400 Exhibit2-2WhatthePeopleWantfromthePress.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-2WhatthePeopleWantfromthePress.aspx In November 1996, the Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA) partnered with the Lou Harris Organization to poll 3,000 people about their attitudes toward the press. Mon, 12 Oct 2009 09:26:00 -0400 Exhibit2-3ASNEJournalismCredibilityProject1998.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-3ASNEJournalismCredibilityProject1998.aspx As part of "a $1 million project to improve the credibility of newspapers and journalism," the American Society of Newspaper Editors commissioned a poll of 3,000 Americans in April and May of 1998. Mon, 12 Oct 2009 09:41:00 -0400 Exhibit2-4ThePeopleandThePress,2000.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-4ThePeopleandThePress,2000.aspx During the 2000 election year, the Pew Research Center for The People and The Press frequently polled public attitudes about the media. Mon, 12 Oct 2009 09:44:00 -0400 Exhibit2-5GallupPollsonMediaBias.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-5GallupPollsonMediaBias.aspx From 2001 through 2009, Gallup polled American adults on the question: "Now thinking for a moment about the news media: In general, do you think the news media is too liberal, just about right, or too conservative." Mon, 12 Oct 2009 09:47:00 -0400 Exhibit2-6ThePeopleandThePress2003.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-6ThePeopleandThePress2003.aspx In the summer of 2003, Princeton Survey Research Associates conducted a poll of 1,201 American adults regarding the media for the Pew Research Center for The People and The Press. Mon, 12 Oct 2009 09:51:00 -0400 Exhibit2-7Biasinthe2004PresidentialCampaign.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-7Biasinthe2004PresidentialCampaign.aspx Four different polls conducted in the last days and immediate aftermath of the 2004 presidential campaign discovered that more voters saw the media as biased in favor of Democratic candidate John Kerry than Republican George W. Bush. Mon, 12 Oct 2009 09:55:00 -0400 Exhibit2-8MissouriSchoolofJournalism2004.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-8MissouriSchoolofJournalism2004.aspx The Missouri School of Journalism's Center for Advanced Social Research surveyed 495 adults about their attitudes toward the press during June and July of 2004. Mon, 12 Oct 2009 10:04:00 -0400 Exhibit2-9AmericanJournalismReview2005.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-9AmericanJournalismReview2005.aspx In May 2005, Gannett's First Amendment Center in Nashville polled Americans about their attitudes towards the media. Mon, 12 Oct 2009 10:07:00 -0400 Exhibit2-10CBSsStateoftheMedia2006.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-10CBSsStateoftheMedia2006.aspx In late January 2006, a CBS News/New York Times poll asked 1,229 adults about their attitudes toward the news media as part of a "State of the Media" segment on the CBS Evening News. Mon, 12 Oct 2009 10:11:00 -0400 Exhibit2-11InstituteforPolitics,DemocracyandtheInternetZogbySurvey.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-11InstituteforPolitics,DemocracyandtheInternetZogbySurvey.aspx In a February 20-26, 2007 survey conducted for the Politics Online Conference 2007, the George Washington University's Institute for Politics, Democracy and the Internet paired with Zogby Interactive to question 1,757 likely voters about their perceptions of media bias. Tue, 13 Oct 2009 11:22:00 -0400 Exhibit2-12CoverageoftheWarinIraq.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-12CoverageoftheWarinIraq.aspx Two polls conducted in 2007 found the public generally thought the media's coverage of the war in Iraq skewed in a negative, pessimistic direction. Tue, 13 Oct 2009 11:39:00 -0400 Exhibit2-13RasmussenReportsonMediaBias2007.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-13RasmussenReportsonMediaBias2007.aspx A pair of Rasmussen surveys conducted in mid-July 2007, each of approximately 1,000 adults, documented how Americans perceive various television news outlets and major newspapers. Tue, 13 Oct 2009 11:59:00 -0400 Exhibit2-14HarvardNationalLeadershipIndexSurvey2007.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-14HarvardNationalLeadershipIndexSurvey2007.aspx Researchers at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government polled 1,207 adults in September 2007 to ascertain the public's "confidence" in American leaders in a variety of sectors, including the military, business, government and the media. Tue, 13 Oct 2009 12:05:00 -0400 Exhibit2-15SacredHeartUniversityPollingInstitute2007.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-15SacredHeartUniversityPollingInstitute2007.aspx The Sacred Heart University Polling Institute polled 800 Americans in late November and early December, 2007. Tue, 13 Oct 2009 12:24:00 -0400 Exhibit2-16PublicReactiontoMediaCoverageofthe2008Primaries.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-16PublicReactiontoMediaCoverageofthe2008Primaries.aspx During the 2008 primary season, a Pew Research Center poll of 1,000 Americans discovered that most thought "press coverage has favored Barack Obama than thought it has favored Hillary Clinton." Tue, 13 Oct 2009 14:49:00 -0400 Exhibit2-17RasmussenReportsonCampaign2008Bias.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-17RasmussenReportsonCampaign2008Bias.aspx Because the news media's role was so central to the 2008 presidential campaign, Rasmussen Reports posed several questions on public perceptions of the media throughout the campaign. Tue, 13 Oct 2009 14:58:00 -0400 Exhibit2-18PublicOverwhelminglySawFavoritismForObama.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-18PublicOverwhelminglySawFavoritismForObama.aspx No fewer than five different polls conducted during the last months of the 2008 presidential campaign found the public strongly believed that the news media was biased in favor of Democrat Barack Obama in his campaign against Republican John McCain. Tue, 13 Oct 2009 15:17:00 -0400 Exhibit2-19PewStudyFindsMediaCredibilityPlummets.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-19PewStudyFindsMediaCredibilityPlummets.aspx A major biennial news consumption survey from the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press released on August 17, 2008 found that "virtually every news organization or program has seen its credibility marks decline" and "Democrats continue to give most news organizations much higher credibility ratings than do Republicans." Tue, 13 Oct 2009 15:23:00 -0400 Exhibit2-20ConfidenceInMediaHitsNewLow.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-20ConfidenceInMediaHitsNewLow.aspx In September 2009, the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press updated its series on the public's view of the press, a set of reports that began in 1985. Wed, 14 Oct 2009 14:39:00 -0400 Exhibit2-21TrustandSatisfactionwiththeNationalMedia.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/Exhibit2-21TrustandSatisfactionwiththeNationalMedia.aspx The Sacred Heart University Polling Institute released its 2009 survey on "Trust and Satisfaction with the National News Media." Wed, 14 Oct 2009 15:26:00 -0400 JournalistsDenyingLiberalBiasPartOne.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/JournalistsDenyingLiberalBiasPartOne.aspx In spite of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, many journalists still refuse to acknowledge that most of the establishment media tilts to the left. Mon, 19 Oct 2009 15:22:00 -0400 JournalistsDenyingLiberalBiasPartTwo.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/JournalistsDenyingLiberalBiasPartTwo.aspx In spite of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, many journalists still refuse to acknowledge that most of the establishment media tilts to the left. Mon, 19 Oct 2009 15:37:00 -0400 JournalistsDenyingLiberalBiasPartThree.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/JournalistsDenyingLiberalBiasPartThree.aspx In spite of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, many journalists still refuse to acknowledge that most of the establishment media tilts to the left. Mon, 19 Oct 2009 15:46:00 -0400 JournalistsAdmittingLiberalBiasPartOne.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/JournalistsAdmittingLiberalBiasPartOne.aspx While most in the media business continue to deny the problem of liberal bias, a number of journalists have admitted that the majority of their brethren approach the news from a liberal angle. Mon, 19 Oct 2009 15:54:00 -0400 JournalistsAdmittingLiberalBiasPartTwo.aspx http://www.mrc.org/static/biasbasics/JournalistsAdmittingLiberalBiasPartTwo.aspx While most in the media business continue to deny the problem of liberal bias, a number of journalists have admitted that the majority of their brethren approach the news from a liberal angle. Mon, 19 Oct 2009 16:06:00 -0400